subject : psychology and sociology
lecturer name : miss revathi
sociology and health care
culture-bound syndrome = culture- specific syndrome
- only the members of culture know about those disease or disorder .
- the other culture will do not know about it .
epidermic
- the disease that spread within a specific country only
eg : chicken pox in MALAYSIA
pandermic
- the disease that can be spread n known whole over the world
eg : H1N1 spread through the whole WORLD .
disease
- distrupt the usual function of the body
healthy
- capacity to perform a duties and fulfill the role
incidence
- report or information about some disease can be within a year or more period of time .
prevalence
- report or information about some disease in a specific / accurate time given
morbidity
- disease occur in a specific population
mortality
- death cause of the disease occur in a specific population
social class
- the lower the class the higher the rate of the morbidity and disability
eg : financial strain , poor diet , stress
race and ethnicity
- poor economic and environmental condition manifested in higher mortality and morbidity rate .
gender
- woman experiences higher prevalence of many disease but tend to live longer than man
eg : lower alcohol consumption , lower cigarette smoking
age
- the older the people the more they use the healthy services
eg : most older people at least having one chronic disease .
healthy-directed behavior
observable action that are taken with specific health outcome
healthy-related behavior
practicing a healthy lifestyle
preventive health behavior
doing something to prevent from getting those disease
illness behavior
recognise the symptom from the outcome
sick role
= societal expectation about attitude and behavior of the person label as ill .
sick role behavior
= action are taken once individuals has been diagnosed .
4 aspects of the sick role
- the person who is sick are not their fault
- the person who is sick are exempt from the daily responsibilities
- the person who is sick must get well as soon as possible
- the person who is sick must seek the professional help
exemption
- exclude from doing something because they are sick
privileges
- can do something they usually cannot do it while they are healthy
obligations
- they need to do even they are sick because that are their responsibilities
health beliefs and practices
- scientific and biomedical
- holistic
- folk medicine
- religious rite and practices
primary caregiver
- the person who will take care of us all the time which is very important in order to help us to get well
eg : nurse
supporting caregiver
- the second person who will look after us when there are no primary caregiver
eg : family , relatives
characteristics of the caregiver
- good communications skill
- flexible with the schedule
- have their own transportation
- can multi-task well
parson's sick role
2duties
- try to get well as soon as possible
- seek for the professional help
2rights
- can be exempt from the duties for temporarily
- wants to be treat nicely
loss grief and death
loss = loss something that are precious to us / somebody close to us
grief = physical / psychological reaction after the loss
mourning = show our grief in the cultural way
what we can loss ?
- external object
- known environment
- a significant other
- an aspect of self
- life
types of loss
- actual = we lose somebody or something we love
- perceived = we lose the internal integrity ( loss self esteem)
- physical = loss a part or aspect of the body (hearing , hand )
- psychological = emotional loss ( menopause )
engle theory
3stages
1 - shock n disbelief = helplessness
2 - develop awareness = hostility , sadness
3 - restitution and resolution = establishment of the new social pattern n relationship
bowlby theory
4stages
numbness - shock , dunno what happen
yearning - keep talking about it
disorganized - life messy , terrible
reorganized - try to adapt the death and seeking to a new relationship
worden theory
- accept the fact that the loss is real
- experiences the emotional pain of grief
- adjust to an environment without the deceased
- reinvest the emotional energy once directed to the deceased into another relationship
types of grief
- uncomplicated = sad , depressed but then will be fine
- dysfunctional = sad , depressed , feeling down n cannot move on anymore
- anticipatory = can predict and expect what will gonna happen
- disenfranchised = only can keep it in ourself .
factors affecting loss and grief
- developmental stage
- religious and cultural belief
- relationship with the loss object
- cause of death
assessment of the grieving client
- age
- nature of loss
- nature of relationship
- cultural n spiritual belief
- gender
- socioeconomic / social support system
kubler-ross stage of dying (1969)
denial = cant accept the fact
anger = act aggressively
bargaining = try to having a consideration
depression = feeling down
acceptance = accept the fact
assessment of dying client
- current stage of dying
- history of previous positive coping skill
psychological need of dying client
- respiration
- fluid and nutrition
- mouth . eye , ear , nose
- mobility
- skin care
- comfort
- physical environment
hospice = palliative care
= place to treat someone who need a treatment
signs of impending death
- lung become unable to provide adequate gas diffusion
- heart n blood vessel become unable to maintain adequate tissue perfusion
- brain ceased to regulate vital centers
- cheyne stroke / death rattle are sign imminence of death
care after death
- treat the body with respect n dignity
- remove dressing and tubes
legal aspects following death
- autopsy = examination of the body after the death by pathologist to ascertain the cause of death
- organ donation = if the death person give the permission or the relatives allowed it .
care of the family
- informing the family about the circumstances of the death
- provide information about viewing the body
- offering to contact supporting people
- sometimes assisting in making decision regarding the funeral home and removal of the death person's belonging .
shadow grief
- not released , can cause illness or burnout
sociology
definition :
- the scientific and systemic study of human societies and social behavior
sociology focus on
- how social relationship influence the people's attitude and behavior
- how major social institution affect us
- how we affecting other individual , society and organization
sociological imagination
= compared the now generation with other generation
socialization
= the process of social interaction form a new thing in order to survive in society
approaches to self
- how do we look to other
- how other evaluate us
- form a feeling about ourselves
mead stages
- preparatory = up to 3 years old , they followed or immitiate behavior of the person surround them
- the play stage = (role taking - they pretend to be somebody else. eg ; superman )
- the game stage = ( generalized other - already know who are they )
goffman ( presentation of self )
impression management = how do we produce ourself to a good appearance
face-work = how do we maintain a proper image and avoid from public embarrassed
agents of socialization
- family
- school
- peer
- media mass
family
- first few years of life
- enables to reproduce it self for socialization through family
school
- teach them how to be productive in society
- transmitted the culture
- personal development
media
- inform us about the event
- introduce us to a many people
- entertain us
racial socialization
- personal and group identity
- inter-individual and intergroup relationship
- position in the social hierarchy
anticipatory socialization
- learn a knowledge n skills to a specific role in the future
re-socialization
- learn totally a new set of knowledge n skill
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